How technical are the devs? Can you add in things such as a 'food and water requirement' kind of situation? As in...make the vault litterally a mini-sim of ACTUAllY being in a vault and having all the challenges? (Food dispensers break down, fights over items, power struggles, skills being places, 'teams' and 'jobs'
Rabbling off ideas off the top of my head:
Technicians working shifts to keep a dispenser running, OUTDOORSMAN to simulate food preparation (chefs), Security guards to keep the order, necessity to sleep, and thus having locking doors and 'goods' to steal from rooms, Pets to look after, Science to do to improve the vaults technology (Research rat-anatomy before understanding how to extract rat-meat for the outdoorsmen to prepare in to more efficient meals) Fight arenas for entertainment, 'Services' (Instead of dispensers, food/drinks must be 'created' by a trained individual, training can be done via a 'class', perhaps taken via a terminal? no other means of leveling up) Controls for a moderator 'overseer' to carry out random experiments on the vault.
Probably most of these have already been listed, I haven't read past page 2 of this thread.